The Payment of the Ekklesiastikon at Iasos in Light of New Evidence more

HELLENISTIC KARIA AUSONIUS EDITIONS -Etudes 28- HELLENISTIC KARIA edited by Riet VAN BREMEN & Jan-Mathieu CARBON Proceedings of the First International Conference on Hellenistic Karia - Oxford, 29 June - 2 July 2006 Diffusion DE BOCCARD 11 rue de Medicis F - 75006 PARIS - Bordeaux 2010 - AUSONIUS Maison de FArcheologie F - 33607 Pessac Cedex http://ausonius.u-bordeaux3.fr/EditionsAusonius DIFFUSION DE BOCCARD 11 rue de Medicis 75006 Paris http://www.deboccard.com Directeur des Publications : Jerome FRANCE Secretaire des Publications : Nathalie TRAN Graphisme de couverture : Stephanie VINCENT © AUSONIUS 2010 ISSN : 1283-2200 ISBN : 978-2-35613-036-5 Acheve d'imprimer sur les presses de l'imprimerie Graficas Calima, S.A. Avda. Candina, s/n E - 39011 Santander - Cantabria octobre 2010 Illustration de couverture : Double axe carved on one of the walls of the temple of Zeus at Euromos (photo R. van Bremen). THE PAYMENT OF THE EKKLESIASTIKON AT IASOS IN LIGHT OF NEW EVIDENCE Koray KONUK Coins in precious metal could be used for a wide range of transactions, or could be put aside for safe-keeping as coins in gold or more commonly silver would always retain their bullion value. Bronze coinage, on the other hand, did not enjoy the same level of confidence among users and was even regarded with suspicion when it was first introduced towards the end of the fifth century1. In c. 425-375 we witness a general move towards bronze coinage all across the Greek world. It is generally believed that it was a practical response to the increasing use of coinage in everyday transactions2. Tiny silver coins were being replaced by bigger coins made of bronze whose bullion value was a fraction of that of silver. During the first wave of bronze issues, however, not all ancient mints struck chunky bronze coins3. In Asia Minor, for instance, the earliest bronze coins were almost as small as the silver fractions they were replacing4. This is a remarkable development which still calls for an explanation. We have to admit that we are usually unable to explain why an ancient city decided to issue a specific type of coinage. Mint records have been lost and coinage itself rarely records the reason for its issue. Of course, we do speculate and try to provide explanations as to why this or that mint struck this or that coin in this or that circumstance. Chief and foremost reasons for minting are state expenditure (which were obviously multiple) and military expenditure; there are also reasons which directly pertain to trade and exchange which coins are supposed to facilitate5. Others believe that coins were at times struck by the state to make a profit. We also know examples of 1. All ancient dates are BC. In mid-fifth century Athens, for instance, one Dionysios proposed a law to replace the impractical small fractions in silver by a coinage in bronze. The law failed to meet with approval and Dionysios was nicknamed 'Chalkous' as the Athenians prefered to maintain the reputation of their fine silver coinage: Ath. Deipn. 15.669d. Towards the end of the third century, the citizens of Gortyn in Crete were apparently so reluctant to use the new bronze coins of their city that a law became necessary to force them to accept these bronzes as legal tender under pain of a fine of five silver staters (note that the fine is levied in silver!): IC IV, 63. 2. For a discussion of early Greek bronze coinages, see Price 1979 and Price 1968. 3. South Italian and Sicilian mints, among the first to strike bronze coins, produced heavy coins, some of which were cast. The same applies to Black Sea mints such as Olbia and Istros. 4. Hundreds of these small early bronze coins were included in the Phygela hoard, see SNG Kayhan, index 6; Ashton 2006, 2, n. 5; P. Kinns, NC 2004, 71-2. 5. For these questions, see Howgego 1990 and Howgego 1995. 60 KORAY KONUK new coins minted to replace older ones especially in the case of a coinage reform. These wide- ranging explanations are obviously handy but they are not always convincing or satisfying when one looks at specific coinages. One example of a specific coinage whose precise raison d'etre was recently explained is a series a bronze coins struck by the city of Iasos in the later part of the fourth century. Fabrice Delrieux suggested that these coins might have been minted at Iasos specifically for the payment of the assembly fee, the ekidesiastikon, the details of which are described in an interesting inscription re-edited in 1990 by Philippe Gauthier6. This inscription, which prompted Delrieux's suggestion, was first seen on an island of the Iasic Gulf by Bernard Haussoullier and was later recorded by Paton7. Both made copies of it. The inscription itself, on a marble slab, is today lost. Several editions have been based on these copies until 1987 when a squeeze made by Haussoullier re-surfaced in Lyon. This gave the opportunity to Gauthier to publish a more complete and reliable edition of the inscription. For a number of internal and external reasons, he dated the inscription to the years 330-325. It is indeed a most remarkable inscription for it is the only one known for the Greek world to detail the organisation and the method of payment of the fee due to citizens attending the assembly. Here is a summary of its content: on the sixth day of each month, which is the regular day for the assembly, at daybreak a water-clock is to be set up in the form of a vessel holding one metretes (about 40 litres) placed 7 feet from the ground, with a hole the size of a bean, and the water set running as soon as the sun is up. The neopoiai (whose principal duty was to care for the upkeep of the temple), six in number, probably one for each tribe (although this is a matter of speculation as we do not know how many tribes there were at Iasos, see below) are to take their seats each with a box in front of him having a slot of two fingers' length; the boxes to be previously sealed by the prostatai. Each citizen as he enters is to give to the neopoies of his own tribe a pessos inscribed with his own and his father's names, which the neopoies shall put into the box. The inscription breaks off at this point so we do not know how or when the misthos was actually paid; but it is evident that no citizen arriving after the water had run out was entitled to any pay. While the sum can be reconstructed with some confidence (the figure is 180), we lack the coin denomination. The sum was most probably expressed in drachms. Philippe Gauthier rightly pointed out that had the sum been expressed in chrysoi, this would have represented the equivalent of 3600 drachms per month or just over 7 talents per year. Such a large sum seems unlikely for a city like Iasos which had limited revenues. If the inscription is rightly dated to the time of Alexander the Great as Gauthier argued, then these drachms should be regarded as Alexander's drachms which were struck in great numbers by the coastal mints of Western Asia Minor (Magnesia on the Maeander, Miletos, Mylasa, the elusive Kolophon and Teos). This identification is far from certain as is argued below. Gauthier reckons that it would have taken a little over half an hour for the water to run out. He further adds that this length of time would have allowed sixty citizens to register with each neopoies, making a total of 360 citizens as there were in all 6. Delrieux 2001; Gauthier 1990; 1.Iasos 20. See also in this volume the paper by R. Fahiani. 7. Haussoullier 1884; Paton's transcription was used by Hicks 1887. THE PAYMENT OF THE EKKLESIASTIKON 61 likelihood six neopoiai, one for each phyle8. This estimate would be in accord with the sum given in the inscription, as 180 drachms for 360 citizens would work out at three obols for each citizen, a fee already in use at Athens9. The difficulty with this construction is the way a fixed sum (180 drachms) was to be paid each month to a number of citizens which was obviously variable. Gauthier suggested that there might have been a 'first come first served' system, the sum not covering all citizens arriving on time. Gauthier mentioned a suggestion made by Olivier Picard to overcome the problem of distributing a fixed sum to a variable number of citizens. Picard proposed that the sum expressed in silver in the inscription might have been distributed in bronze coins, which would have allowed greater flexibility. Thus the 180 drachms would have been enough regardless of the number of citizens, even if at times many turned up on time to attend the ekklesia. In that case each citizen would have received a smaller number of bronze coins. If we examine further the assumption of the ekklesiastikon being paid in bronze coins, a sum of 180 drachms would make 8640 chalkoi. According to the Macedonian system there were 8 chalkoi to the obol or 48 chalkoi to the drachm. Using chalkoi might well provide greater flexibility but certainly not greater practicality. One can only be surprised that such a low value coin should have been struck to pay the assembly fee. One imagines how difficult it would have been to handle 8640 little coins and distribute them to a small number of citizens, around 360. Delrieux, attracted by Picard's bronze explanation, tentatively identified the ekklesiastikon coinage. Delrieux reminds us of the troubled times which Iasos underwent during the early Hellenistic period10. As Strabo tells us, the soil of Iasos being poor, the inhabitants lived mainly by the produce of the sea. Part of its eastern land and sea, called the Tittle Sea, had been confiscated, presumably by Alexander the Great to punish the Iasians for having contributed one ship to the Persian fleet when Alexander arrived in 334 and laid siege to Miletos. The ship was captured in a minor engagement. Tater on, two citizens of Iasos, Gorgos and Minnion persuaded Alexander the Great to restore to the city possession of the 'Tittle Sea'. For a city dependent on its fisheries the matter was of importance and the two citizens were suitably rewarded with immunity from taxation and a front seat in the theatre. Gorgos was part of Alexander's inner circle as he became his armoury-commander, his hoplophylax. It is probably in that troubled context that Iasos minted a series of bronze coins, almost certainly chalkoi, with on the obverse a laureate head of Apollo and on the reverse a prawn above a shell identified as a pecten (hereafter called prawn-pecten coins)11. The obverse type, which is very common, is in sharp contrast with the rarely used reverse type. The city of Priapos in Mysia is the only other 8. Fabiani, however, argues in her contribution to this volume that the number of phylai may have been different. It is only natural that this number would have varied through time, but the number of six phylai is highly plausible as far as the ekklesiastikon inscription is concerned. 9. At Athens, assembly pay was introduced in the early fourth century by Agyrrhios. Originally the amount was one obol; but it was later increased, by Herakleides of Klazomenai, to two obols, and ultimately, again by Agyrrhios, to three obols: Ar. Ath 41.3. 10. Delrieux 2001. 11. Delrieux gives a list of the specimens known to him. At least two coins of this series were included in IGCH 1289 whose closing date is the early 3rd century. To the six specimens recorded by Delrieux, we may now 62 KORAY KONUK mint of Asia Minor known to me to have used a prawn as a main coin type12. At a later date Priapos also used a lobster and a crab as reverse types, but the prawn type is more common. For Priapos, I have no explanation for the choice of a prawn; for Iasos, we have an ancient source which tells us that the city's waters were famous precisely for the quality of its prawns: Archestratos, a Sicilian gastronomer of the fourth century, observes that the visitor to Iasos will find karades of great size but scarce in the market13. Delrieux suggested that the exceptional reverse type of the bronze coins may refer to the restitution of the Little Sea by Alexander the Great and that these chalkoi were minted to pay the fee to the Iasians attending the assembly: 'il est apparu que celles-ci etaient etroitement liees a l'histoire politique et institutionnelle de la cite. En effet, compte tenu des evenements dont Iasos fut le theatre a la fin du IVe siecle, les bronzes aux fruits de mer, tels que nous les connaissons aujourd'hui, avaient alors le double avantage d'affirmer, par le type utilise, certains droits territoriaux, et de permettre, par la frappe elle-meme, l'application d'une loi nouvelle'14. Perhaps the English abstract in Delrieux's article is more revealing: 'In the IVth century BC, the Carian city of Iasos struck a little bronze coinage with shrimp and shell. It was probably a production realized by the Iasians Gorgos and Minnion, friends of Alexander the Great, about 334-323, in order to recall Iasians rights on the 'Little Sea' confiscated by Alexander, and to pay the ekldesiastikon in a newly democratic city.' Delrieux's assumption is now challenged by a number of previously unrecorded silver fractions which have surfaced over the past few years. They can be ascribed to Iasos with confidence thanks to the letters iota alpha sigma and the depiction of a prawn on their reverse. Four specimens are known to me, two of which bear the three-letter ethnic. The anepigraphic coins are perhaps earlier on account of the sharper and deeper square on their reverse. Obv. Head of boar right. Rev. Prawn right. 1. Ol/Rl a. 0,24g 09H Private coll. 2. 02/R2 a. 0,30g 09H Private coll. Obv. Forepart of boar right, neck truncation dotted. Rev. Prawn right; above, IA; below, £ (retrograde). 3. Ol/Rl a. 0,llg 12H Private coll. add two more to his Group A: (A) Classical Numismatic Group Triton V (2002), 441 (l,36g; 12H, miscatalogued as Priapos). (B) Muharrem Kayhan collection, MK 1633 (l,16g; 11H). 12. For Priapos, see SNG France 5, 536; prawns could also be used as a secondary device, see for instance the 'Kran' issues: Beden & Mannucci 1994. 13. Ath. Deipn. 3.105e. 14- Delrieux 2001, 182-3. THE PAYMENT OF THE EKKLESIASTIKON 63 Obv. Forepart of boar right. Rev. Prawn right; above, IA; below, £. 4. Ol/Rl 0,26g 12H Izmir, Yavuz Tati§ collection. The weights are consistent with tetartemoria (quarter obols) on the reduced Milesian standard which was commonly used in Karia in the late fifth and fourth centuries15. As for the time of issue, the use of a square incuse and the shape of the letters would point to the late fifth century. It is also worth noting that a similar boar's forepart is depicted on hemiobols and tetartemoria from nearby Euromos, struck perhaps a little later16. These newly discovered fractions are evidence that the prawn as a coin type does not have any link with the handing back to the Iasians of the Little Sea by Alexander. The bronze prawn-pecten coins of later date which seemingly provided grounds for such a connection were simply modelled after earlier coins with a prawn as a reverse type. These early tetartemoria which first used the prawn as a reverse type predate by about a century the events involving Alexander and the restitution of the Little Sea to the Iasians; in other words the prawn-pecten type was not used by Iasians to make a political statement! Now that the prawn-pecten - Alexander the Great equation is no longer tenable, I would like to use another series of coins to demonstrate that the ekklesiastikon was probably not paid in bronze coins. These new chalkoi were unknown until the discovery of a hoard of early bronzes which I named the Phygela hoard and whose burial date is c. 400. The Phygela hoard is a very important document for the beginning of bronze coinage in Asia Minor as it included the first wave of bronze coins from various mints of Ionia and Karia17. Two of these chalkoi are from the Phygela hoard; the third one might also belong to the same hoard, but there can be no certainty. Two groups may be distinguished, both depict on the obverse a laureate head of Apollo right, but they differ in the position of the prawn and of the legend. Group A Obv. Laureate head of Apollo right. Rev. Prawn right; below, IA. 5. Ol/Rl a. 0,78g 06H Private coll. From the Phygela hoard. 6. 02/R2 a. 0,74g 03H Private coll. From the Phygela hoard. 15. See Konuk 1998, 30-4; Konuk 2007; Ashton 2003, 33. 16. Ashton 2003, 32-6. 17. See above n. 4. 64 KORAY KONUK Group B Obv. Laureate head of Apollo right. Rev. Prawn left; above, IA. 7. Ol/Rl a. l,02g 03H Private coll. These early chalkoi most probably fall in the period between the silver fractions and the later prawn-pecten chalkoi, which they preceded by about half a century. All in all, the prawn- pecten series was not the earliest bronze coinage of Iasos and it seems obvious now that these chalkoi should no longer be regarded as an exceptional coinage; its type had been in use at Iasos long before Alexander the Great. In addition, there is a further new bronze coin type for Iasos and it is also earlier than the prawn-pecten coins. A single specimen is known to me. Obv. Head of Apollo three quarter facing left; linear border. Rev. Female head in sakkos with a prawn below chin; behind, IAEE. 8. Ol/Rl a. 0,87g 12H Izmir, Yavuz Tati§ collection. Finally, I would like to draw attention to some fourth-century silver coins of Iasos which tend to be overlooked. These Rhodian-weight drachms and hemidrachms have a head of Apollo on the obverse and a kithara on the reverse. Two groups may be distinguished. One group, represented by drachms and hemidrachms, depicts on the obverse a head of Apollo which resembles that found on the EYN coinage of Iasos18. The occasion and the date of the ZYTST coinage was last discussed in the publication of the Hecatomnus hoard which favoured the high dating of 405/40419. Group B is represented by hemidrachms only and the head of Apollo is turned right on the anepigraphic obverse; the reverse depicts a kithara with the first three letters or the full ethnic. Group A Drachms Obv. Head of laureate Apollo left; on either side of neck, I-A. Rev. Kithara; around, EnAPT-EMI-A£IPO; all within square incuse. 9. Ol/Rl a. 3,52g 12H Muharrem Kayhan collection, MK 1766 (acquired locally in 2008). b. 3,59g 06H Winterthur, 3367. 18. Only two staters of the SYN coinage for Iasos are known to me: one in Berlin, Imhoof-Blumer 1883, 311, 63 (10.73g, 03H) and the other in New York: Hurter 1999, 17. The Berlin stater depicts the head of Apollo with I - [A]? around his neck, much as on our drachms and hemidrachm. 19. Ashton et al 2002. THE PAYMENT OF THE EKKLESIASTIKDN 65 Hemidrachm Obv. As last. Rev. Kithara with no legend visible. 10. Ol/Rl a. l,74g 12H SNG Kayhan, 784 (acquired locally in 2000). Group B (only hemidrachms) Obv. Head of laureate Apollo right. Rev. Kithara; on right, upwards, IAXE; on left, £2N; all within square incuse. 11. Ol/Rl a. l,79g 03H Muharrem Kayhan collection, MK 1702 (acquired in Europe in 2008). Obv. As last. Rev. Kithara; on right, downwards, IAEE; on left, £2N and prawn; all within square incuse. 12. 02/R2 a. l,82g 09H London, BM 1922.4.25.29; Weber, 6521. b. l,85g 03H Vienna; Imhoof-Blumer 1883, 311, 54. Obv. As last. Rev. Kithara; on right, downwards, IAEE; all within square incuse. 13. 03/R3 a. l,66g 09H SNG Kayhan, 783; Leu 76 (1999), 183. 14. 04/R4 a. l,62g 09H BM 1919.11.20.104; Weber., 6520. b. l,69g 03H SNG Copenhagen, 408. c. l,81g Boston, 1966; Warren, 1174. d. l,82g 09H Paris BNF 736; Inv.Waddington, 2433. c. l,82g 03H Berlin 336/1873 f. l,77g 09H Berlin, Imhoof-Blumer, 1900; Imhoof-Blumer 1883, 311, 64. 66 KORAY KONUK In the course of the fourth century, the Rhodian-weight standard imposed itself as the main coin standard throughout the mints of western Asia Minor. In Group B, only hemidrachms (triobols) are attested so far and one wonders if that particular denomination might not be connected with the payment of the assembly fee at Iasos. As we have seen the triobol is the most probable misthos for those attending the assembly and arriving on time. Group B hemidrachms should not necessarily be regarded as contemporary with Group A coins, they could have been issued later. How far apart they are time-wise is difficult to say at this stage. Might there be a connection between the decision to mint only triobols and the assembly fee, or is this just a coincidence? It is entirely conceivable that an assembly fee had already been a common practice at Iasos before the ekklesiastikon regulation of c. 330-325. There is no denying that those studying coins are all too often frustrated for not being able to provide precise answers to historians eager to know what the specific purposes of a coinage were. 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