Erbbina in Caria? more

Ancient History, Numismatics and Epigraphy in the Mediterranean World Studies in memory of Clemens E. Bosch and Sabahat Atlan and in honour of Nezahat Baydur Edited by Oğuz Tekin in collaboration with Aliye Erol (Offprint/Ayrıbasım) P U B L I C A T I O N S Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ IX Clemens E. Bosch ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XI Sabahat Atlan ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XV Nezahat Baydur ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XIX Sencan Altınoluk Büyükmenderes (Maiandros) Havzası Irmak Tanrıları ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Michel Amandry Nouvelles découvertes de monnaies provinciales en Gaule ...................................................................................................................................................... 21 Melih Arslan Orhan Altıntuğlu Koleksiyonu’ndaki Sinope Drahmi Definesi 2008 ........................................................................................................................... 27 Murat Arslan Pausanias’ın Byzantion Hâkimiyeti ve ‘Komplo Teorisi’ ................................................................................................................................................................. 51 Ferit Baz Überlegungen zu zwei Münzen aus Hierapolis in Kappadokien und dem dortigen Ma-Kult ............................................... 65 Pınar Bursa Eskiçağ’da Pamphylia Bölgesinde Balık ve Balıkçılık ............................................................................................................................................................................ 71 Kevin Butcher The Euphrates Frontier and the Civic Era of Zeugma Olivier Casabonne De la Cappadoce à la Cilicie: deux notes anatoliennes Thomas Corsten Zwei Inschriften zur frühen Geschichte von Kibyra ....................................................................................................................................................................... 81 85 91 ..................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................ Ahmet Vedat Çelgin Termessos Teritoryumu, Rudolf Heberdey ve Bir Toponim Önerisi Hakkında Değerlendirmeler (Heberdey’in “Klaros”u Gerçekten Yer Adı mı?) .............................................................................................................................. 99 Zeynep Çizmeli Öğün Fare, Veba ve Apollon. Bir Kutsal Alanın Kuruluş Söylence İkonografisi ......................................................................................................... 113 Fabrice Delrieux Un monnayage rare d’Asie mineure occidentale: Les petits bronzes d’Harpagion en Mysie ............................................... 123 Filiz Dönmez-Öztürk König Adaios und seine zwei Münzen mit dem motiv Kypsela oder Kotyle ................................................................................................ 131 IV Werner Eck Rekrutierung für das Römische Heer in den provinzen Kleinasiens: Das Zeugnis der Militärdiplome .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 137 Gürkan Ergin Orbis Romanum and the Isaurians .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 143 Aliye Erol Burdur Arkeoloji Müzesi’ndeki Bronz Amyntas Sikkeleri ....................................................................................................................................................... 147 Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert Ein Kistophor von Halikarnassos .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 157 Turan Gökyıldırım Geç Roma Solidus Definesi (2001) .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 161 Stefan Karwiese Die Ephesische Münzprägung unter Macrinus ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 179 Vedat Keleş Parth Sikkelerinde Görülen Kültürel Özellikler Koray Konuk Erbbina in Caria? ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 185 193 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Hüseyin Köker Yeni Bir Aspendos Bronz Sikkesi ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 201 Orkan Köyağasıoğlu Zeus Kesbelios Kült Alanı ve Selge Sikkelerine Yansıması ...................................................................................................................................................... 205 Dinçer Savaş Lenger A Proposito del Grifone sulle Monete d’Asia Minore ..................................................................................................................................................................... 215 Christopher S. Lightfoot An Important Group of Late 7th-Century Coins from Amorium ................................................................................................................................. 223 Hasan Malay and Marijana Ricl Two New Inscriptions Recording Constructions in Dioshieron or Hypaipa ............................................................................................... 227 Rodolfo Martini Monetatizone Bronzea Orientale di Augustus tra Emissioni Imperiali, Coniazioni Provinciali e Produzioni Locali: i “Sesterzi” della Lycia ed i “Dupondi” (?) Della Serie AVGV / STVS (Asia Minor) Alla Luce di Nuove Analisi Metallografiche .................................................................. 231 Andrew R. Meadows The Hellenistic Silver Coinage of Clazomenae ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 247 Sam Moorhead Early Byzantine Copper Coins Found in Britain – A Review in Light of New Finds Recorded with the Portable Antiquities Scheme ................................................................................................................................................................................... 263 Johannes Nollé Die Taurische Artemis im Tauros: Zeugnisse und Überlegungen zum Artemiskult von Termessos in Pisidien ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 275 Sedat Öztopbaş İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Koleksiyonundan Stephanephoroi Define Parçası ...................................................................................... 291 V Hüseyin Sami Öztürk MÖ III. Yüzyıldan MÖ I. Yüzyılın Başlarına Kadar Doğu Akdeniz ve Küçük Asya’nın Güney Kıyılarında Korsanlık/Haydutluk ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 299 Selene Psoma Agathokles Son of Lysimachos in Thrace and Asia Minor: The Numismatic Evidence Mustafa H. Sayar Marcus Annius Verus ........................................................... 309 321 325 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Marguerite Spoerri-Butcher Magnésie du Méandre et Dionysos: À propos d’une addition au RPC VII 1 ............................................................................................... Sencer Şahin Patara Deniz Feneri: Eleştiriye Eleştiri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 331 Ahmet Tolga Tek 1971-2002 Yılları Arasında Arykanda Kazılarında Bulunan Pamphylia Bölgesine Ait Sikkeler ...................................... 345 Oğuz Tekin A Hellenistic Hoard of Lysimachean Bronze Coins with Tyche and Lion Type ...................................................................................... 357 Novella Vismara Coni Rilavorati e Produzione Monetale: L’Organizzazione delle Officine Monetali della Lycia tra il VI ed il IV Secolo a.C.: Una Possibile Documentazione Materiale ........................................................................ 365 Oya Yağız Thrak Kralı Kotys’e (MÖ 178-168) Ait Ender Görülen İki Sikke ................................................................................................................................... 375 Ancient History, Numismatics and Epigraphy in the Mediterranean World. Studies in memory of Clemens E. Bosch and Sabahat Atlan and in honour of Nezahat Baydur, Istanbul, 2009, pp. 193-199 ERBBINA IN CARIA? Koray KONUK * The patchy Lycian historiography records a fairly long list of dynasts under the Achaemenids, albeit only a handful is known beyond the simple mention of their name.1 Erbbina (Arbinas in its Greek form) son of Kheriga (Gergis) is one of the better documented dynasts with epigraphic, numismatic and archaeological evidence for his rule which can be dated to c. 400380 BC.2 Coin evidence as well as inscriptions from Xanthos and the Letoon suggest that Erbbina had been active in the western part of Lycia. Two Greek epigrams from the Letoon describe the military achievements of Erbbina.3 His valour is praised and special mention is made of his conquest and sack of the cities of Xanthos, Pinara and the ‘well harboured’ Telmessos when he was only twenty years old and within a single month.4 His reign of terror among the Lycians is also related with pride. At Xanthos, Erbbina is mentioned in the ‘Inscribed Pillar’ whose inscription was probably engraved during his lifetime;5 he also had a statue base erected for himself on which he is described as a tyrannos and he is believed to be responsible for the construction of the Nereid Monument.6 From a numismatic point of view, current evidence indicates that Erbbina struck only at Telmessos, a town very close to the Carian border.7 During the early Lycian dynastic period, the political status of Telmessos is not entirely clear. It seems that until the last quarter of the fifth century BC, it managed to stay independent from Xanthian authority.8 Erbbina’s predecessor Kherẽi struck coins inscribed telebehihe (Telmessos in Lycian) and no earlier dynast is known to have minted in that * Koray Konuk, Research Associate at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes, Palais de France, 1 Thousands of Lycian coins have survived and provide a useful catalogue of personal and place names, many of which are only known from nu- Nuru Ziya sok. no. 10, 34433 Beyoğlu-Istanbul. E-mail: koraykonuk@gmail.com I would like to thank PD Dr. Kay Ehling, curator at the Staatliche Münzsammlung in Munich, for sending me photographs of the Erbbina coin in his custody. mismatic evidence. At least 50 names are recorded and some coins include both the name of the coin issuer (dynast) and the name of the mint. It is not always easy to distinguish the nature of these names and in the past a number of toponyms have been mistaken for anthroponyms (e.g. Zemuri, Zagaba, Wẽdri). New names continue to appear with the discovery of unpublished coins (e.g. ekhag, seen in trade); and, in some cases, dynasts are taken out of the Lycian catalogue, like Uvug (Uwug) whose coinage is now more convincingly attributed to the Carian dynast Orou, see Konuk 2007b. 2 Keen 1998: 142-147; Bousquet 1975; Robert 1978. 3 Bousquet 1975: 141-146; Bryce 1986: 94-96; Keen 1998: 141-142. 4 SEG 39, 1414 (Bousquet 1975: 143-144) describes his courage, bowmanship, horsemanship and wisdom. These are skills which are usually associ5 Bousquet 1987: 127. Though all the inscriptions might not be his, see Domingo Gygax - Tietz 2005: 96 who pointed out that the inscribed pillar 6 Keen 1998: 140-147; Robinson 1999: 370-372. 7 Mørkholm - Zahle 1976: 52. Keen 1998: 147 unconvincingly suggests that the anonymous fourth century BC coins struck by Xanthos, Patara, ated with hunting which may indicate a Persian origin. It is interesting to note that Erbbina is in fact a Persian name. was not made in one go but was the result of different historical moments. 8 Keen 1998: 121; Bryce 1986: 105; Tietz 2003: 51-55. Pinara, Tlos, Telmessos, Kadyanda, Khãkbi and Araxa might all have been issued by Erbbina. Telmessos being otherwise the only town to advertise its ethnic, an exception which would be difficult to explain. Contemporary rulers such as Aruwatijesi with whom Erbbina shared a die minted on both the western and eastern standards as did Wekhssere II. Ddênewele, also minted coins only on the western standard, some at Telmessos, and shared a die with Erbbina but used it before him. Tietz 2003: 62-78 wonders whether Ddênewele might not be in fact a place name; for the catalogue of these coins: 359-363. 194 Koray Konuk town.9 Although culturally Lycian, Telmessos was not a typical Lycian town and Carian elements and influence ought to have been present.10 Its geostrategic location made its control essential to anyone willing to exert authority over the westernmost parts of Lycia. The border between Caria and Lycia is to be placed somewhere in the plain between Kaunos and Telmessos, but it is not possible to identify a precise line which must have shifted through times.11 Relations between Carians and Lycians in this border area are not well documented but some assumptions have been made. Kaunos, which seems to have been ruled in the late fifth century BC by Lycian dynasts12, possibly Erbbina’s father, was according to Bousquet the starting point of Erbbina’s conquest of the three Lycian cities.13 This suggestion was not based on anything solid and Louis Robert attempted to reconstruct the order of Erbbina’s campaign by using historical geography and topography as well as several travel accounts from the last centuries.14 He proposed that Erbbina must have resided in and started his conquests from Tlos and not from Kaunos contra Bousquet. It must be acknowledged that current evidence does not favour either town15, but coins, as will be explained below, indicate that Caria or Carians must have held some interest for Erbbina. Another well-known connection between Kaunos and Lycia is the cult of the “Kaunian king” attested at Xanthos and the Letoon through the inscribed pillar and the trilingual inscription.16 In addition, it has recently been suggested that the letter n engraved on staters of Kaunos might have been the Lycian initial of Erbbina's father: Kheriga9 Mørkholm - Zahle 1976: 52. Gergis17 who is likely to have been engaged in the war with Humrkhkha/Amorges of Caria.18 The letter was re-engraved on an existing reverse die and positioned above the sacred-stone (baetyl). By placing his initial, Kheriga might have wanted to advertise his capture of Kaunos on its coinage. From a chronological point of view, this hypothetical event would fit the issues marked with n as they are dated to c. 430-410 BC, a period which corresponds to Kheriga's rule.19 Furthermore, from a technical point of view, it should be pointed out that the die (R40) was re-engraved during its mid-life, which implies a sudden decision to mark the die rather than wait for a new die to be engraved with the letter in question. This abrupt re-engraving might have been caused by a sudden event which brings to mind the possible take over of Kaunos by Kheriga. In discussing the political events involving Caria and Lycian dynasts, one should also mention a stater of Erbbina minted at Telmessos which bears a twoletter legend in the Carian script. Its description is as follows: Obv. Rev. Head of Athena (= the Lycian goddess Malija) left in Attic helmet; dotted circle. Heracles fighting left with club, left foot placed on rock; along the right edge, erbbina in Lycian 10 Tietz 2003: 113-115. In the Athenian Tribute Lists, Telmessians and Lycians are grouped together but are clearly distinguished (occurring three 11 Keen 1998: 17; Tietz 2003: 120-132. A Carian inscription was found at Taşyaka (ancient Krya) situated between Kaunos and Telmessos. The times, in 452/1, 451/0 and 446/5). Did Athens not consider Telmessos as Lycian, at least in a political sense? Bryce 1986: 105. 12 Bousquet 1987: 124; Bousquet 1992: 175; Briant 1996: 1038. 13 Bousquet 1975: 145. 14 Robert 1978: passim. 15 Keen 1998: 145 prefers Bousquet’s Kaunian interpretation. presence of many rock-cut tombs with a temple façade in the area may denote a Carian influence; see Henry 2009: 60, fig. 14 and Schweyer 1996: 11-14. 16 Childs 1981: 67; Bryce 1986: 184; Raimond 2004: 389-401. 17 Raimond 2004: 396. 18 TL 44a 55; Childs 1981: 64; Bryce 1986: 108; Debord 1999: 312. 19 Konuk 1998: 207-209. Erbbina in Caria? 195 characters; on either side of Herakles, i F (i t) all in incuse square with dotted border. Light Lycian standard stater; c. 400-380 BC. Munich, Staatliche Münzsammlung (7.84g; 06H). This stater is part of Erbbina’s regular issues from Telmessos and is the only known example to bear a legend in Carian. It was first published by Newton20, and Six entertained the idea that these letters might be Carian and read them as er.21 Babelon followed Six’s reading and confirmed that they were the first two letters of Erbbina’s name in Carian.22 Subsequently various readings based on the changing values given through the years to the letters have been proposed (er, te, iš and finally it).23 As Robinson rightly pointed out these letters give the impression of having been engraved onto the die afterwards.24 Given the geographical proximity of Telmessos and Kaunos, we may assume that the letters were close to the alphabet of the Carian city. New evidence from the bilingual inscription from Kaunos has led Adiego25 and Meier-Brügger26 to give F the value t. They wondered whether i might not stand for the initial of Erbbina in Carian and t for the initial of Telmessos (telebehi in Lycian). If the two letters are part of the same word, however, this would thus give the transliteration ti and stand for the first two letters of Telmessos.27 Noting the Carian legend of Erbbina’s stater, Bousquet wondered: “Etait-il [Erbbina] à la tête d’un canton de Carie au moment de la mort de Gergis? et ne pourrait-on pas penser à Caunos, puisque la stèle trilingue a permis de reconnaître dans la chronique lycienne le nom de Caunos et du Basileus Kaunios? L’avenir dira oui ou non”.28 Being a Lycian dynast minting exclusively at Telmessos, one should not be surprised to find Carian letters on his coins.29 More unexpected would be to have a Carian issue bearing his name in Carian as the following coin suggests: Obv. Naked male figure, with wings at shoulder and heel, in the kneeling-running position advancing left, head and legs left, trunk frontal, right arm raised and left arm lowered; groundline. Bull standing right; above and below, in two lines, £c¢ / ñÌ Bg (dτa / ñibr); all within incuse square with dotted border. Aeginetic standard stater; c. 450-400 BC. London, BM, CM 1934-0611-4 (11.62g; 09H). Rev. 20 Fellows 1855: pl. V, 5. 22 Babelon 1910: n° 385. 21 Six 1887: 65; Six 1898: 202. 23 Friedrich 1932: 122 confirmed the Carian origin of these letters and accepted that they were Erbbina’s initials. Robinson 1939: 275; Masson 1974: 24 Robinson 1939: 275. 128-129; Mørkholm - Zahle 1976: 54, 57; Mørkholm-Neumann 1978: 29, followed him but Steinherr 1955: 184–192 prefered to give the letter F a t value and proposed te which could correspond to the Lycian legend te(lebehi) erbbina found on other coins. Adiego 1992: 28 convincingly showed that i should have the value i. Schürr 1992: 129, 151 proposed iš. 25 Adiego 1998b: 58-60. 27 Cau 1999b: 48. 26 Meier-Brügger 1998: 45. 28 Bousquet 1975: 145. 29 The supposed Carian legend on the obverse of a stater of Kuprlli is problematic, Cau 1999a. Some of its letters do not seem to be Carian and its meaning is certainly not the Carian ethnic of Xanthos, contra Dunford 1991, see Konuk 2007: M54. 196 Koray Konuk This unique specimen was reportedly obtained near Fethiye (Telmessos).30 The winged figure on the obverse is well known from other series (described by Troxell as Mint A [now identified as Kaunos] and Mint B)31 of which many specimens were included in the IGCH 1180 hoard.32 A more recent hoard, unpublished but mentioned by Konuk had a similar composition with many coins of Kaunos.33 Hoard evidence indicates that “winged Carians” of Mint B must have been struck by a mint situated not far from Kaunos. We may therefore take as reliable the Fethiye-Telmessos provenance of our unique coin. The bovine reverse type was quite common on Carian coins, usually depicted as a protome or a head and placed on the reverse.34 Keramos put a full depiction of a bull standing right on the obverse of its earliest Carian and Greek legend bronze coins.35 With regards to the legend, it appears that there are two separate words written by means of seven letters in the Carian script which makes it the longest inscribed coin in the Carian script known to date.36 The orientation of letters suggests a reading from right to left. The last letter, partly erased, is ñ (ñ) rather than z (ś), even though the latter is a more common ending used for indicating the genitive form. Robinson also read the last letter as ñ but its value then was assumed to be vo.37 In fact, only the first two letters of the legend (at) were given correct values. The transliteration should thus be aτd / rbiñ. As an independent word, rbiñ shows a striking similarity with Erbbina. We do not know how his name was rendered in Carian but rbiñ is a form that would be quite acceptable in that language.38 As for the word aτd, it is likely to be the beginning of the issuing town’s name; though no toponym beginning with these letters is known in the Kaunos-Telmessos region. The few ethnics mentioned in the Athenian Tribute Lists (Telandrioi, Kalyndioi, Kryes) for this region are Greek renditions of Carian names and we know that in some cases these can be quite different (e.g. Kbid-/Kaunos; Kbo-/Keramos).39 There is however a town named Attarimma mentioned in Hittite sources.40 On philological grounds, Carruba has identified Attarimma as trmmili, the native name Lycians called themselves.41 Termessos (major) has been proposed by Börker-Klähn.42 On geographical grounds, Hawkins has suggested a more convincing location at Telmessos in Lycia.43 If we accept Attarimma as the late Bronze Age Telmessos, one wonders whether this form might not have survived in Carian. The beginning atd for the mint of our coin found in Telmessos would certainly be a perfect fit for Attarimma. If our attribution is right, Telmessos would have basically struck a Carian coin. In contrast to the Telmessian stater of Erbbina with Carian letters, this coin is a typical issue 30 Robinson 1936a: 188, pl. XII, 17; Robinson 1939: 270, 272. 31 Troxell 1979; for Kaunos, see Konuk 1998. 32 Robinson 1936b: 265. Reportedly unearthed up-country in the Caro-Lycian border in 1932, it consisted of 144 coins of which at least 85 are stat33 Konuk 2007b: 107. ers of Kaunos dated c. 420 BC. Of similar content is IGCH 1181 found somewhere between Muğla and Fethiye, see Troxell 1979: 264. 34 See e.g. SNG Kayhan, 832, 949-976, 990; Konuk 2007a: M38-M49. The square form of the reverse incuse is not necessarily indicative of an early 35 SNG Kayhan, 804-806; for Carian legend bronzes: Konuk 2000; for Greek legend bronzes: Ashton 1998: 46-49. 36 See Konuk 2007a. 37 Robinson 1939: 272, he followed Friedrich’s system which was available at that time: Friedrich 1932. 38 I am grateful to Ignacio Adiego for confirming this (personal communication). 39 Other toponyms in the area include Arymaxa, Lydai, Lyrnai, Lissai, Daidala, Hippukome, Oktapolis, Pisilis, Prepia, Symbra; for these, see Tietz 40 Chiefly the annals of Mursili, year 3 which details the geography of the land of Arzawa and the Tawagalawa letter of the reign of Hattusili III, see 41 Carruba 1996: 33. date; Erbbina used both square and round incuses for his Telmessian coinage. 2003, chapter 4. Hawkins 1998: 14-26. 42 Börker-Klähn 1990: 62. 43 Hawkins 1998: 26, 28. Carruba prefers Kuwalapassa for Telmessos: Carruba 1996: 33. Erbbina in Caria? 197 of a Carian mint on the grounds of its type, legend and Aeginetan weight-standard, which was widely used in south-west Caria and never struck by Lycian mints. With regards to its date, Robinson proposed 475 BC, but like his chronology of other Carian coins (e.g. of Kaunos), it is too early. He considered our coin to have been overstruck on an Aeginetan stater, though I have examined the coin myself and have not seen traces of an undertype. The difficulty is that there is no hoard context to help us and we therefore have to rely basically on style, which is not always very reliable. I believe nonetheless that a date of c. 450-400 BC would be a fair guess and this would not entirely rule out the rbiñ - Erbbina equation. What might have prompted Erbbina to put Carian letters on his Telmessian staters and to apparently issue a Carian coinage near the Lycian border or at Telmessos itself? We already mentioned his military campaign to conquer Xanthos, Pinara and Telmessos. Bousquet, who pointed out that these three cities were used as mints by Erbbina’s predecessor, Kherẽi, further suggested that Kherẽi usurped Erbbina’s rightful throne on the death of Kheriga.44 It would appear that Erbbina had to fight in order to gain power and that the succession between Kherẽi and Erbbina did not happen smoothly. As seen above, Kaunos which was probably under the rule of his father, might have been the starting base of Erbbina’s campaign to conquer the three Lycian cities. His presence in this city is entirely conceivable if he was forced to flee to Caria after his father’s death when he was probably just an infant. Kaunos then became his starting point when, some years later, at the young age of twenty, he was ready to launch a military campaign (against Kherẽi?) to retake the towns over which his father once ruled. These assumptions seem to be supported by coin evidence which draws clear connections between Caria and Erbbina. If our attribution to Erbbina is right, his Carian staters might have been struck to pay for Carian mercenary forces fighting to assert Erbbina’s authority over western Lycia, at a time when he was still in Caria or already at Telmessos, engaged in what would turn out to be a successful campaign, c. 400 BC.45 44 Bousquet 1987: 127. It may be objected that being only twenty when he assumed power, Erbbina would have been simply too young to directly 45 Erbbina’s coinage might have been minted in time of war at the beginning of his reign, which would explain why he minted only at Telmessos: succeed his father. Keen 1998: 143 remarked that Kheriga and Kherẽi’s respective coinages do not share any die-links in the way that Kuprlli’s and Kheriga’s do; there are also no die-links between Kherẽi and Erbbina. Keen 1998: 146. 198 Koray Konuk TURKISH SUMMARY / TÜRKÇE ÖZET Karia’daki Erbbina ? Makalede, MÖ 4. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde hüküm süren Lykia dynastı Erbbina ve ona ait olduğu düşünülen gümüş sikkeler ele alınmaktadır. Makalenin amacı Lykia dynastı Erbbina’nın Karia ile yakın ilişkisini ve sikkelerindeki Karia etkisini göstermektir. Erbbina’nın sikke darp yeri olarak kullandığı Telmessos’un bir Lykia kenti olmasına karşın güçlü Karia etkileri de taşıdığı vurgulanmaktadır. Yazar, Lykia kenti Telmessos’ta basılan ama üzerinde Karca harfler bulunan bir gümüş stater ile bu kez Karia’da basılan ve üzerinde yine Karca yazının olduğu bir gümüş stateri örnek olarak sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, Erbbina’nın Karia’da basılan veya Karia etkisi taşıyan staterlerinin, dynastın, Lykia’nın batısında ve Karia’daki seferlerinde Karialı askerlere ödeme yapmak için basılmış olabileceğini önermektedir. Bibliography Adiego 1992 Adiego 1998 Adiego 2007 Ashton 1998 Babelon 1910 I. J. 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