The Coinage of Hyssaldomos, Dynast of Mylasa more

ZURÜCK ZUM GEGENSTAND FESTSCHRIFT FÜR ANDREAS E. FURTWÄNGLER HERAUSGEGEBEN VON Ralph Einicke Stephan Lehmann Henryk Löhr Gundula Mehnert Andreas Mehnert Anja Slawisch Band II Beier & Beran Langenweißbach 2009 Es ist nicht gestattet, diese Arbeit ohne Zustimmung von Verlag, Herausgebern oder Autoren ganz oder auszugsweise nachzudrucken, zu kopieren oder auf sonst irgendeine Art zu vervielfältigen! Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. Gedruckt mit Unterstützung von Kollegen, Freunden und Schülern. Verlag: Beier & Beran. Archäologische Fachliteratur Thomas-Müntzer-Str. 103, D 08134 Langenweißbach Tel. 037603 / 3688, Fax 037603 / 3690 Internet: www.beier-beran.de, E-Mail: verlag@beier-beran.de Anja Slawisch, Gundula Mehnert, Andreas Mehnert, Henryk Löhr Andreas Mehnert (Text), Ralph Einicke (Tafeln) Verlag Buchbinderei Reinhardt Weidenweg 17, D 06120 Halle/Saale Redaktion: Layout: Druck: Herstellung: C: Copyright und V. i. S. d. P. für den Inhalt liegen bei den Autoren. ISBN 978-3-941171-16-9 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. Hergestellt in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland / printed in Germany. Inhalt Band I Vorwort .................................................................................................................................................................... I ............................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................... VII IX Tabula Gratulatoria Publikationen von Andreas E. Furtwängler Architektur und Plastik Raimund Wünsche Ein gealterter Jüngling .................................................................................................................................... 1 Rolf A. Stucky Griechischer Marmor in der Levante – Zur Zeitstellung phönizischer Baureliefs und Architekturelemente aus Marmor ......................................................................................................... Latîfe Summerer Herakles in Paphlagonien ............................................................................................................................ 7 15 Helga Bumke Neue Köpfe für alte Damen – Zeugnisse für die Inszenierung von Tradition und Vergangenheit im griechischen Osten ................................................................................................ Wolfgang Sonntagbauer Zur Genese des klassischen Tempelentwurfes – Zu den Grundrissen der Tavole Palatine in Metapont, des Athenatempels in Paestum, des Aphaiatempels und des Älteren Poseidontempels in Sunion .......................................................................................................................................... Bruno Jacobs Die Investiturszenen vom Nemrud Dağı ................................................................................................... ............................................................................. 25 37 51 59 Orhan Bingöl Die Gruppe von Boreas und Oreithyia aus Magnesia Bernard Andreae Die Skylla im Beinrelief von Dedoplis Gora und die Zeitgebundenheit von Betrachtungsweisen ............................................................................................................................... Erika Simon Ein Weihrelief aus Abydos: Aias mastigophoros ..................................................................................... ........................................ 69 81 85 99 109 Stephan Lehmann Made in Italy – Neues zum Bronzeknaben aus dem Meer vor Montenegro Volker Michael Strocka Der Hercules tunicatus auf dem Forum Romanum: Plin. nat. 34, 93 Hans Lohmann Die sogenannte Domitius-Ara .................................................... ................................................................................................................... Henryk Löhr Zur Botschaft und Datierung der Marcussäule ....................................................................................... ............... 123 137 Friederike Sinn Vom Barbar zum „Berufsgriechen“ – Zu einer Porträtbüste severischer Zeit in Dresden Rudolf H. W. Stichel Kaiser Theodosius I. ‚melior Traiano‘ – Ein Deutungsversuch zur Ausstattung des Forum Tauri in Konstantinopel (mit einem Exkurs zum Zerstörungsdatum der Theodosius-Säule) ................... Peter Schneider Baureste eines spätantiken Bathrons und das Quellhaus des Titus Flavius Festus im Adyton des Apollontempels von Didyma ......................................................................................... 151 159 Keramik und Kleinkunst François Bertemes und Karin Hornung-Bertemes Minoer in Didyma – Ein Siegel und seine Geschichte ............................................................................ ............................................. ................ 169 195 205 217 225 Anja Slawisch Eine runde Sache: Zu einem Fragment einer Bronzekeule aus Didyma Nadine Ludwig Stilistische Untersuchungen zu figürlich verzierten Gürtelblechen aus Transkaukasien Hüseyin Cevizoğlu Zwei Bleimedaillons aus Klazomenai ....................................................................................................... Frauke Donner Eine Vogelkanne vom Taxiarchis in Didyma .......................................................................................... Bettina Reichardt Anasyrma und Liebeswerbung – Ein attisch schwarzfiguriger Skyphos vom Taxiarchis-Hügel in Didyma ............................................................................................................. Gundula Mehnert Werbe- und Abschiedsszenen Bekir Özer A Painter from Urla Workshop .................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................. ............................................ 235 247 255 263 R. Ross Holloway An Unpublished Terracotta from the Malophoros Sanctuary at Selinus Ralph Einicke und Niels Wieacker Ein Vasenfragment in der Art des Brygos-Malers aus dem Archäologischen Museum der Universität Halle ................................................................................................................................... Michalis Tiverios Minotaur, Apsyrtos or Androgeos, the “ΚΑΤΑ ΠΡΥΜΝΑΝ ΗΡΩΣ”? – The Dinos Painter’s bell krater in Gela once again ................................................................................. Anastasia Georgiadou „Elische“ Lekythen aus der Nekropole von Lithovouni in Aitolien – Aspekte der Datierung und Lokalisierung der Gattung ........................................................................ Florian S. Knauß „Medismos“ in Kolchis ............................................................................................................................... 269 275 283 291 Frauke Gutschke Ein griechischer Musterschüler im Robertinum – Zu einem Knabentypus der Koroplastik am Beispiel einer Terrakotte des Archäologischen Museums der Universität Halle ....................... 307 Ulrich Mania Beinschnitzereien aus Pergamon ............................................................................................................... ........................ 315 325 Horst Seilheimer Anmerkungen zu Funktion, Typologie und Herstellungstechnik der Diatretgläser Band II Numismatik Timo Stingl Äginetische Elektronprägungen? – Zwei Schildkröten auf Münzen aus dem Tresor des Münzkabinetts der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin ............................................... Mando Oeconomidès Les monnaies de Samos de la Collection Grégoire Empédoclès ........................................................... ............................. 337 341 345 351 357 365 Aliki Moustaka Bendis in Thessalien – Zu zwei Varianten eines Münztypus der Stadt Phaloreia Stella Dreni The Hoard IGCH 137 (Megara 1904) ........................................................................................................ Koray Konuk The Coinage of Hyssaldomos, Dynast of Mylasa .................................................................................... Dorothea Mauermann Eine prägende Persönlichkeit .................................................................................................................... Brinna Otto Athena und die Kreuzfackel – Zwei Bronzemünzen aus dem Demeter-Heiligtum von Herakleia in Lukanien ................................................................................................................................................... 373 Kult und Kultpraxis Andreas Mehnert Heraion von Samos: Das Wasserbassin an der Südhalle Anton Bammer und Ulrike Muss Deponien im Artemision von Ephesos ........................................................................ 383 391 405 ..................................................................................................... .......................................................................................... Maximilian Lubos Weihungen griechischer Söldner in Didyma Ulf Weber Sonnenaufgang und -untergang am Nemrud Dağı – Der Herrscherkult Antiochos I. von Kommagene und die Sonne ............................................................................................................... Jacques Morin Mythmaking and Acculturation in the South Caucasus – Artemis and Apollo at Ats’quri Manfred Oppermann Denkmäler des Hekatekultes im Ostbalkanraum ............ 415 423 433 443 453 ................................................................................... ............................................................................ Marcus Nenninger Zeugnisse der Heraklesverehrung in Moesia Inferior Piotr O. Scholz Dionysos in Meroë ....................................................................................................................................... Archäologische und historische Feldforschung Peter F. Biehl und Eva Rosenstock Von Çatalhöyük Ost nach Çatalhöyük West – Kulturelle Umbrüche an der Schwelle vom 7. zum 6. Jt. v. Chr. in Zentralanatolien ............................................................... Jochen Fornasier Zum Beginn der griechischen Kolonisation im nördlichen Schwarzmeerraum – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen historisch-archäologischer Forschungen ................................................ Bilge Hürmüzlü Remarks on Cultural Interactions in the Earlier Periods of Northwest Pisidia Elif Koparal Border Forts of Klazomenai: Cinderesi Fortification .................................. 471 483 493 501 509 515 521 .............................................................................. ................ Andreas Mehl Ein zyprischer Stadtkönig hilft vertriebenen Samiern bei ihrer Rückkehr in die Heimat Coşkun Özgünel Eine römische Thermenanlage am Smintheion ....................................................................................... ............ Ioannis M. Akamatis The Pella archaeological Site Development Project and the latest archaeological Findings Hans-Georg Stephan Töpferei, Kugeltopfherstellung, Keramikvertrieb und Haushaltsgeschirr in Sri Lanka – Vergleichende Betrachtungen zu archäologischen Befunden des frühen bis hohen Mittelalters in Südasien und Deutschland .................................................................................................................... H. Dieter Morche Licht und Schatten in der archäologischen Fotografie ............................................................................ 531 541 Antikenrezeption Angela Berthold Die Verwendung antiker Namen als Signaturen auf neuzeitlichen Gemmen und ihre Quellen .... Wolf-R. Megow Zum antiken Schmuck der ‚Trapezplatte‘ am Kölner Dreikönigenschrein ......................................... 549 557 567 Matthias Kolbe Nur eine Metapher? – Tetimími, oder: Wo badete die große Badende? .............................................. Thomas Klein Vom Exempel zur Novelle – Der mittellateinische ‘Filo’ in der Stofftradition (mit Editio critica und Kommentar) .......................................................................................................... Michael Wiemers Dürer, Xenophon und die Disziplin der Augen – Zur Bedeutung einer Melanchthon-Anekdote ........................................................................................ Olaf Peters Francisco Goya und die Antike ................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................... 577 609 623 631 635 Dieter Salzmann Theodosius oder Nero: Wen kümmert ’s? Michael Maaß Wie betreiben wir Archäologie? ................................................................................................................ The Coinage of Hyssaldomos, Dynast of Mylasa1 by Koray Konuk 1 In many ways, not least in their coinage, the th century B.C. satraps of Caria were the forerun­ ners of Hellenistic kings. They were unique in that period in issuing a regular and prolific dy­ nastic coinage, which remained practically un­ changed until the arrival of Alexander the Great2. Other satraps struck coins, but none of them were either native, or more significant, hereditary, and there was no continuity of coinage from one fam­ ily member to another as was the case with the Hekatomnids. Their coinage is often described as satrapal, but it would be more appropriate to la­ bel it dynastic since it was not issued in the frame­ work of their official duties as satraps; the Heka­ tomnids wore a double hat as official satraps and as hereditary dynasts. As a matter of fact, Mylasa, the ancestral seat of the dynasty, had been a fairly active mint prior to Hekatomnos’ rule and struck large numbers of small silver denominations. This article argues that some of these issues bear­ ing letters in the Carian script may be attributed to Hekatomnos’ father: Hyssaldomos. Apart from his name and his paternity to Heka­ tomnos and his sister Aba, we know nothing about Hyssaldomos3. On the grounds of an in­ complete inscription from Mylasa, however, some scholars follow L. Robert in believing that Hyssaldomos was the first satrap of Caria at some time between 395 and 392/1 B.C.; but the inscription can be completed in a different way to support the orthodox view that the first satrap of Caria was Hekatomnos5. As far as the adminis­ tration of Caria is concerned, the 395–392/1 B.C. interval is unaccounted for and these years may have indeed witnessed the rule of Hyssaldomos over Caria which did not exist as a separate satra­ py until the fall of Tissaphernes in 395 B.C. who had been appointed satrap of Ionia and Lydia, Caria being part of the Lydian satrapy, following the battle of Kunaxa in 01 B.C. The creation of Caria, as a separate satrapy, occurred in troubled times, marked by the entanglement of the eastern Greeks in the struggle between the Spartans and Persians for the control of western Asia Minor. After 395 B.C., following Tissaphernes’ execution, there is no record of any satrap in charge of Caria until 392/1 B.C., when the Great King ordered Hekatomnos, ‘dynast of Caria’ and Autophra­ dates, satrap of Lydia, to make war on Evagoras I, rebel king of Salamis. This is the first reference to Caria as a separate entity, and the earliest dat­ ed event to involve Hekatomnos. Even though 392/1 B.C. is the most likely year for the creation of a separate satrapy of Caria, a short tenure for  I am delighted to offer this study on some tiny coins to Andreas Furtwängler, whose knowledge and interest in fractional coinage have always been an inspiration for me.  For a detailed study of the coinage of the Hekatomnids, see Konuk 1998. This article is a revised version of its section dealing with Hyssaldomos; a number of new coins have al­ lowed to strengthen some of my arguments. Question of attributions were also discussed in Konuk 2007, but only very briefly for lack of space.  Three inscriptions found respectively at Sinuri, Labraunda and Kaunos reveal the name of Hyssaldomos, spelt as Hys­ sallomos in the Kaunos inscription: Robert 195, 99 no. 7. 100; J. Crampa, Labraunda, Swedish Excavations and Re­  searches 3: 2. The Greek Inscriptions (Stockholm 199) no. 27; G. E. Bean, Notes and inscriptions from Caunos, JHS 73, 1953, 20 no. 20. See also Hornblower 1982, 3. 4 L. Robert, Etudes anatoliennes (Paris 1937) 571; Ro­ bert 195, 100; G. Bockisch, Die Karer und ihre Dynasten, Klio 51, 199, 13; O. Picard, Les Grecs devant la men­ ace perse (Paris 1980) 21. The inscription from Mylasa reads: 9Uss]aldwmou e0caiqr[apeu/ontoj].  Hornblower 1982, 3 proposes: 9Ektao/mnw tou= dwmou e0caiqr[apeu/ontoj]. 9Uss]al­  Strouthas was appointed to the separate satrapy of Ionia in 392/1 B.C. Like the satrapy of Caria, it was a new creation, 358 Koray Konuk Hyssaldomos in the immediately preceding years cannot be ruled out. Numismatic evidence would support a possible rule of Hyssaldomos, though not necessarily as satrap7. Hekatomnos’ coinage is better known and de­ rives partly from the earlier civic issues of Myla­ sa8. It would appear that his coinage was more so­ phisticated than previously thought with several coin types, two weight­standards, and a large ar­ ray of denominations9. Recent evidence also sug­ gests that under Hekatomnos, Mylasa continued to issue tiny fractions which throw light on the fractions attributable to his father Hyssaldomos. No coinage issued under Hyssaldomos has been identified as yet, but there exists a group of silver fractions which might bear his initial in the Carian script. Until recently, these fractions were rare and no certain provenance could be given. Over the past two decades or so, a number of specimens have surfaced and have entered private and pub­ lic collections. The known provenances point to the immediate vicinity of Mylasa, the hometown of the Hekatomnids10. These fractions fall into two distinct groups (Type 1 and Type 2), each divided into anepigraphic issues and those with Carian and Greek legends. Some of these letters allow now for a certain attribution of both types to the mint of Mylasa. All these fractions are united by a common obverse type which evidently derives from the Milesian prototype showing not sim­ ply a head, but a forepart of a lion with its head turned back and one foreleg underneath; a linear outline of its back is depicted between its jaws on earlier issues. The attribution of these frac­ tions had always been problematic. Grose cata­ logued one anepigraphic specimen in Cambridge under Hekatomnos on the basis of the similarity existing between the lion’s legs on this fraction and the regular issues of Hekatomnos of Mile­ sian type11. A hoard published in 19112 included eight anepigraphic specimens of Type 2 as well as nine ‘Milesian’ obols and two fractions with Car­ ian legends that I believe to have been possibly struck in Kasolaba13. The obols, attributed to late th century B.C. Miletos by Welz, were in fact is­ sued at least a century later. Similar hoards, or parts of hoards, are preserved in the archaeologi­ cal museums of Milâs and Bodrum, and there is little doubt that the ‘Milesian’ coins of the hoard are in fact Carian with some issues attributable to Mylasa, and the concealment date can safely be dated to the reign of Hekatomnos. Type  has been known for a long time and frac­ tions of this group depict on the obverse a fore­ part of a lion with head turned back to right and foreleg underneath; the reverse shows a facing head of a lion flanked by its forelegs on either side within a square or round incuse; various let­ ters in the Carian script are sometimes on the re­ verse and in one case on the obverse. Most extant specimens are either anepigraphic or the inscrip­ tion is sometimes off­flan, but for our purposes only the inscribed varieties are listed here. Type 1 fractions are all Milesian standard hemiobols (ca. 0.5 g – 0.50 g). Type . (Konuk 2007, M3) This seems to be the earliest inscribed series with the letter M on the upper right side of the lion’s scalp within a square incuse. Only two specimens are known to me, both are in Bodrum MUA: (a) 3­2­91 (0.35 g; 07H; pl. 1, 1); (b) 10­7­91 (0.5 g; 0H). and there is a good chance that both were established at the same time. See Xen. hell. , 8, 17; Hornblower 1982, 38.  P. Debord, L’Asie Mineure au IVe siècle (Bordeaux 1999) 13 rejects the idea of Hyssaldomos ruling as satrap and prefers to view him as dynast of Mylasa.  See K. Konuk, The Early Coinage of Mylasa, NumChron (forthcoming).  Until recently, fractions issued in the name of Hekatomnos and Maussollos were extremely rare, but the past few years have even seen the appearance of new types which have somehow modified the view that under the Hekatomnids ‘… the provision of small change was left to lower authori­ ties’ in P. Kinns, The Coinage of Miletus, NumChron 1, 1980, 29. 0 Information on the find­spots of these coins has been pro­ vided by two metal detectorists active in these parts of the Carian coast.  S. W. Grose, Catalogue of the McClean Collection of Greek Coins 3 (Cambridge 1929) no. 8517.  K. Welz, Kleinmüzen aus Milet, SchwMüBl 11, 191, 99– 101; M. Thompson – O. Mørkholm – C. M. Kraay, An In­ ventory of Greek Coin Hoards (New York 1973) 1199.  Welz regarded all three types as Milesian, but Pfeiler 192, 20 f. rightly rejected the attribution to Miletos of our Type 2 and the coins with Carian legend. For the attribution to Ka­ solaba, see K. Konuk, Kasolaba, a New Mint in Karia?, in: S. Drougou – E. Ralli (eds.), Essays in Honour of Ioannis Touratsoglou (Athens 2009) 153. The Coinage of Hyssaldomos, Dynast of Mylasa 359 Type . (Konuk 2007, M5) As last, but V mW below the facing head of a lion; square incuse. Three specimens are known to me: (a) European private collection (0.8 g; 11H; pl. 1, 2); (b) European private collection (0.0 g; 0H); (c) SNG von Aulock 7807 (0.2 g). Type . (Konuk 2007, M) As last, but V below the facing head of a lion; round incuse: (a) Pfeiler 192, 20, no. 2 (pl. 1, 3); (b) European private collection (0. g; 10H); (c) Hirsch 1 (1990) 08 (0.9 g); (d) Hirsch 19 (1991) 0 (0.5 g); (e) Hirsch 17 (1990) 58 (0.8 g); (f) Hirsch 13 (1989) 07 (0.5 g); (g) Lanz 5 (1980) 217 (0.2 g); (h) Elsen FPL 12 (1990) 71 (0.9 g); (i) Lanz 131 (200) 11 (0.9 g; 10H); (j) Lanz 131 (200) 13 (0. g; 03H). Type .4 (Konuk 2007, M7) As last, but Ú below the facing head of a lion: (a) European private collection (0.51 g; 09H; pl. 1, ); (b) European private collection (0.8 g; 10H); (c) Bodrum MUA ­2­90 (0.9 g; 09H); (d) Bodrum MUA 1201 (0.2 g; 09H); (e) Hirsch 171 (1991) 295; (f) Westermark – Ashton 199, 80 (0.37 g; 07H); (g) Westermark – Ashton 199, 837 (0.55 g; 05H); (h) Westermark – Ashton 199, 838 (0.9 g; 01H) = Troxell 198, no. 1B (a); (i) Westermark – Ash­ ton 199, 839 (0. g; 01H); (j) MMAG FPL 31 (1981) 8 (0.9 g); (k) Ariadne (1982) 113 (0.51 g); (l) Hirsch 189 (199) 257 (0. g); (m) Müller 8 (1991), 88 (0.1 g); (n) Müller 73/1 (1993) 50; (o) D. Symmons – K. Sugden, Greek Silver Coins from the Finney Collection, Numismatic Circu­ lar 103/10, 1995, 31; (p) Künker 133 (2007) 8175 (0.1 g; 0H); (q) Gorny 138 (2005) 119 (0.1 g; 07H); (r) Forum Ancient Coins 82115 (2009) (0.51 g; 0H); (s) Ebay 135107151 (2002) (0.0 g); (t) Lanz 131 (200) 12 (0.7 g; 02H); (u) MMG 17 (2005) 1219 (0.53 g); (v) Seen in trade. Type . (Konuk 2007, M8) As last, but Ú on the obverse above the lion’s muzzle; the reverse is anepigraphic with a round incuse. Three specimens are known to me: (a) Muharrem Kayhan collection MK1231 (0.50 g; 03H; pl. 1, 5); (b) Peus 32 (1989) 210 (0.5 g); (c) Seen in trade. Thanks to the efforts of J. Ray and I. Adiego, the decipherment of Carian has advanced consider­ ably1. M and m are the same letter in the Carian alphabet and have the value M. The letter M on Type 1.1 evidently represents the initial of the mint in Carian: Mylasa which is confirmed by Type 1.2. In addition to m, Type 1.2 has the letter W which is a problematic letter. Adiego suggets that W was V in the alphabet of Mylasa with the value Y. If that is the case the occurrence of both letters in the same legend calls for an explanation. Even though the new inscription found near Mylasa (Kırcağız) does not include the letter W, Type 1.2 proves that it was part of the city’s alphabet. Two explanations spring to mind: either these letters are not the same and therefore have different values, or V is not a letter but a trident as sug­ gested by Troxell. When the trident explanation was proposed (Troxell considered mW to be Greek letters), it seemed the most probable solution, as the Carian letter V was unknown in that shape (apart from the rare occurrence of V at Sinuri and Kildara) and no evidence existed at that time that it was part of the alphabet of Mylasa. However, tridents are not normally depicted on coins in such a simple way with mere strokes (as with a letter): there is usually some ornamentation (ar­ row­like tips of the tines, often volutes departing from the base of the shaft) even when the size is minute. Moreover, the occurrence of V and Ú on Type 1.3 and 1. (and also Type 2.2 and 2.3 below) in the same position on the reverse strongly sug­ gests that V is a letter, for Ú is definitely a Carian letter, even though it is not attested on the new inscription from Kırcağız15. I would be tempted to suggest that Ú is a variant of V, the former be­ ing perhaps an earlier form of the latter. If so, the value of Ú (W) would represent the same value for V. Finally, what is the value of W which is also absent from the new inscription? The suggestion that W and V are the same letters cannot be main­ tained on the basis of Type 1.2. Adiego gives W, a rather common letter, the value Y. The two letters mW (MY) would thus represent the first two letters of the Carian ethnic of Mylasa1. On Type 1.5, the position of Ú on the lion’s muzzle reminds one of the Milesian­type tetrobols, diobols and obols of the Carian satrap Hekatomnos which have on the lion’s muzzle the Greek letters EKA, EK and E respectively. This link between the fractions with  W. Blümel – A. Kızıl, Eine neue karische Inschrift aus der Region von Mylasa, Kadmos 3, 200, 131–138. 4 See now Adiego 2007.  Konuk 1998, 23. 30 Koray Konuk Ú and those with the name of Hekatomnos is dis­ cussed below and strengthens the view that Ú was the initial of Hyssaldomos in its Carian form. Type  fractions share the same obverse type with Type 1, but the lion’s forepart changes into a simple head with the outline of the lion’s back be­ coming a tongue; the foreleg is no longer depicted on the specimens I have collected. The reverse is a different type with a facing or a three­quarter facing head of a young male slightly turned to the right or left with either a Carian letter, two or three Greek letters or no letters at all. The same Carian letters are attested, namely m, W and V, but as is the case with Type 1, the bulk of extant specimens are anepigraphic, or the inscribed edge is off­flan. The fractions with the facing head are all Milesian standard tetartemoria (¼ obols) of ca. 0.25 g. The fractions with the head in profile are hemitetartemoria (⅛ obols). Type . (Konuk 2007, M) This seems to be the earliest inscribed issue of which four specimens are known to me. The let­ ter m stands either to the right of the facing head: (a) Künker 2 (2001) 129 (0.20 g; pl. 1, ); (b) Ko­ nuk 2002, 838; or to his left: (c) Oxford, Ashmo­ lean Museum (0.28 g; 0H). Type . (Konuk 2007, M10) As last, but the facing head is turned slightly to the left; in the lower left field, V. A single speci­ men is known to me: New York, ANS, 1983.53. (0.23 g; 12H; pl. 1, 7) = Troxell 198, no. 2a (1). Type . (Konuk 2007, M11) As last, but the letter Ú either to the right of the chin of the facing head: (a) European private collection (0.23 g; 12H; pl. 1, 8); (b) Westermark – Ashton 199, 87 (0.23 g; 05H) = Troxell 198, no. 2 A (2); (c) Hirsch 189 (199) 258; (d) Bodrum MUA 2231 (0.2g; 11H); (e) Bodrum MUA 38­15­ 85 (0.21g; 09H); (f) Baldwin’s 3 (2003) 73 (0.20 g; 11H); or placed just under the chin of the fac­ ing head: (g) New York, ANS 1980.23.5 (0.22 g; pl. 1, 9); (h) New York, ANS; (i) Lanz 131 (200) 1 (0.23 g; 12H). Type .4 As last, but EK below the chin; lion head with tongue and no foreleg: (a) European private col­ lection (0.2 g; pl. 1, 10); (b) European private collection (0.22 g; 05H); (c) Bodrum MUA 22­9­ 85­G (0.20 g; 05H); (d) Bodrum MUA 22­9­85­R (0.22 g; 05H); (e) Owl 5 (1985) 9 (0.23 g); (f) Stern­ berg 10 (1980) 12 (0.2 g); (g) Peus 321 (1988) 173 (0.23 g). Type . As last, but EKA below the chin; lion’s head with tongue and no foreleg: (a) Cambridge, CM.9­ 1995 = Annual Report of the Fitzwilliam Muse­ um 1995 (Cambridge 199), 18 (0.21 g; pl. 1, 11); (b) European private collection (0.22 g; 03H); (c) European private collection (0.2 g; 03H); (d) Bodrum MUA 1­3­78 (0.19 g; 12H); (e) Bodrum MUA 19­15­85 (0.19 g; 12H); (f) Hirsch 19 (1997) 315 (0.23 g); (g) CNG 79 (2008), 379 (0.2 g; 01H). Variant with EK­A: (h) SNG Kayhan 87 (0.22 g; 0H) = CNG 50 (1999), 859; (i) Bodrum MUA 13­ 7­91 (0.21 g; 03H); (j) Bodrum MUA 337 (0.23 g; 02H); (k) CNG 72 (200), 810 (0.23 g; 0H); (l) AAA (30­02­75) 181 (0.25 g); (m) Peus 380 (200) 518 (0.19 g; 0H). Type bis (Konuk 2007, M11) This is a variant which depicts the male head looking in profile to the right; Ú to the right of his neck: (a) Private collection (0.1 g; 10H; pl. 1, 12); (b) Oxford, Ashmolean Museum (0.13 g; 11H); Five specimens in the Bodrum MUA: (c) 30­15­85 (0.10 g; 0H); (d) 31­15­85 (0.10 g; 03H); (e) 53­15­ 85 (0.11 g; 12H); (f) 1­8­88 (0.10 g; 03H); (g) ­7­9 (0.12 g; 12H). Type ter This is a parallel issue to the previous one with a similar profile male head on the reverse but with the Greek legend EK and a head of a ram to the right on the obverse. A unique specimen is known to me: Muharrem Kayhan collection MK129 (0.12 g; 01H; pl. 1, 13). With Type 2, Greek letters EK and EKA are in­ troduced, which clearly stand for the beginning of Hekatomnos’ name17. These Greek legend is­ sues provide a helpful link with the earlier Ca­ rian legend fractions which they replace. Style is not always the best of evidence, and can be at times ambiguous, but in this case there are good reasons for believing that the fractions with the Carian letters must come before those with EKA/  In a similar fashion as on his better known Milesian type coins where smaller denominations (obols and diobols) have respectively: E and EK, and larger ones (tetrobols and staters): EKA. The Coinage of Hyssaldomos, Dynast of Mylasa 31 EK18. Square incuses are only used for Carian legend reverses, whereas Greek legend reverses are round. In addition, there is a stylistic evolu­ tion which can help to put the series into a se­ quence. Whilst the earliest series closely follow the Milesian model in depicting a lion forepart with the head clearly showing the outline of the back between the jaws and of the elbow below the lower jaw, the Greek legend series has the line of the back of the lion progressively turning into a tongue and the foreleg is no longer depicted; what is depicted is no longer a forepart of a lion but simply its head. This stylistic evolution can be used for determining the sequence of issues. Those fractions depicting the lion’s head with its tongue protruding come later than those with the outline of the back – this being the rendering closer to the Milesian prototype which goes back to the first half of the th century B.C. Again with Type 2, the carian letters V and Ú stand on the re­ verse of some of these fractions. It would appear that V was used on earlier issues. This can also be observed with Type 1.2 where this letter stands within a square incuse which is the earlier form for reverses that those with a round shape. As we have seen, these letters might simply be the same, the shape having evolved in time. Another expla­ nation would be to consider V as a different letter (Y?) and standing for the initial of an issuing dy­ nast at Mylasa preceding the dynast whose initial is Ú. As far as Ú is concerned, its value is W and this would fit perfectly the initial of Hyssaldo­ mos in Carian. A parallel can be drawn with the Carian form of the name Hyssollos which starts with the same Carian letter and is transcribed “wśol­” on a stela from Memphis19. In addition, the direct link between these fractions with Ú and those in the name of Hekatomnos strengthens the case for regarding these fractions with Ú as is­ sues of Hyssaldomos. In case V and Ú were not actually the same letter, than we might perhaps entertain the idea that V stands for the initial of Hyssaldomos’ predecessor, perhaps his father or brother, whose name might one day be revealed by a new inscription or coin. All in all, the origins of the Hekatomnid dynastic coinage were more complex than we previously thought. Hekatom­ nos’ Milesian type issues struck in large numbers along with his Rhodian weight tetradrachms de­ picting a lion and Zeus Labraundos constituted important steps in establishing a dynastic coin­ age, but his lesser known fractions followed the old practice of striking small denominations at Mylasa which goes back several generations. It is therefore not surprising that his father Hyssal­ domos should have struck his own fractions. The dynastic coinage of the Hekatomnids now covers a longer period than was assumed, certainly go­ ing back to Hyssaldomos, perhaps even earlier. List of Abbreviations AAA American Auction Association, Long Beach (USA) Adiego 2007 I. J. Adiego, The Carian Language (Leiden 2007) Ariadne Ariadne Galleries, Inc., New York Baldwin’s A. H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd., London Bodrum MUA Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology CNG Classical Numismatic Group, Lancaster (USA) – London (UK) Elsen Jean Elsen SA, Brussels Forum Ancient Coins www.forumancientcoins.com Gorny & Mosch Gorny & Mosch. Giessener Münzhandlung GmbH, Munich Hauck & Aufhäuser Hauck & Aufhäuser Privatbankiers, Munich  A similar change from Carian to Greek occurred on the ear­ ly bronze coins of Keramos, ca. 00 B.C. The Carian ethnic KBO was replaced by the Greek ethnic KE without a change of types: see K. Konuk, Coin Evidence for the Carian Name of Keramos, Kadmos 39, 2000, 159–1; R. Ashton, Kera­ mos, in: R. Ashton – A. Meadows – U. Wartenberg, Some Greek Coins in the British Museum, NumChron 158, 1998, –9. A similar and contemporary switch from Carian to Greek also happened at Kaunos, but with a change of types, see K. Konuk, The Early Coinage of Kaunos, in: R. Ashton – S. Hurter (eds.), Studies in Greek Numisma­ tics in Memory of Martin Jessop Price (London 1998) 219. It is interesting to note that this language change occurred at about the same time at Mylasa, Keramos and Kaunos, ca. 00–390 B.C.  Adiego 2007, . 195. Hyssollos with its variant Hyssoldos is a common Carian name. 32 Hirsch Münzhandlung Gerhard Hirsch Nachfolger, Mu­ nich Hornblower 1982 S. Hornblower, Mausolus (Oxford 1982) Konuk 1998 K. Konuk, The Coinage of the Hekatomnids of Ca­ ria, unpublished D. Phil. dissertation (Oxford 1998) Konuk 2002 K. Konuk, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Turkey 1, The Muharrem Kayhan Collection (Istanbul 2002) Konuk 2007 K. Konuk, Coin Legends in Carian, in: Adiego 2007, 71–92 Künker Fritz Rudolph Künker Münzhandlung, Osnabrück Lanz H. Lanz Numismatik, Munich MMAG Münzen und Medaillen AG, Basel MMG Münzen und Medaillen GmbH, Weil am Rhein Müller Heinz W. Müller, Solingen Owl Owl Ltd., Henniker, New Hampshire (USA) Peus Dr. Busso Peus Nachf., Münzhandlung, Frankfurt a. M. Pfeiler 192 B. Pfeiler, Zur Münzkunde von Milet, SchwMüBl 12, 192, 20–21 Robert 195 L. Robert, Le sanctuaire de Sinuri près de Mylasa 1: Les inscriptions grecques (Paris 195) Troxell 198 H. A. Troxell, Carians in Miniature, in: A. Houghton – S. Hurter – P. Erhart Mottahedeh – J. A. Scott (eds.), Studies in Honor of Leo Mildenberg (Wetteren 198) 29–257 Westermark – Ashton 199 U. Westermark – R. Ashton, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Finland, The Erkki Keckman Collection in the Skopbank, Helsinki, part 1 Karia (Helsinki 199) Koray Konuk Illustration Credits Pl. 1, 1: Bodrum MUA 3­2­91 — pl. 1, 2: European pri­ vate collection — pl. 1, 3: from Pfeiler 192, 20, no. 2 — pl. 1, 4: European private collection — pl. 1, 5: Muhar­ rem Kayhan collection MK1231 — pl. 1, 6: from Künker 2 (2001) 129 — pl. 1, 7: New York, American Numis­ matic Society 1983.53. — pl. 1, 8: European private collection — pl. 1, 9: New York, American Numisma­ tic Society — pl. 1, 10: European private collection — pl. 1, 11: Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Muzeum CM.9­1995 — pl. 1, 12: European private collection — pl. 1, 13: Mu­ harrem Kayhan collection MK129. Address Dr. Koray Konuk Institut français d’études anatoliennes Fransız Sarayı Nuru Ziya Sok. no. 10 34433 Beyoğlu-Istanbul/Turkey koraykonuk@gmail.com. The Coinage of Hyssaldomos, Dynast of Mylasa 363 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Plate  1: Hemiobol of Mylasa, Bodrum MUA 3-26-91 — 2: Hemiobol of Mylasa, European private collection — 3: Hemiobol of Mylasa — 4: Hemiobol of Hyssaldomos, Mylasa, European private collection — 5: Hemiobol of Hyssaldomos, Mylasa, Muharrem Kayhan collection MK 1231 — 6: Tetartemorion of Mylasa —7: Tetartemorion of Mylasa, New York, American Numismatic Society 1983.53.464 — 8: Tetartemorion of Hyssaldomos, Mylasa, European private collection — 9: Tetartemorion of Hyssaldomos, Mylasa, New York, American Numismatic Society — 10: Tetartemorion of Hekatomnos, Mylasa, European private collection — 11: Tetartemorion of Hekatomnos, Mylasa, Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum CM.69-1995 — 12: Hemitetartemorion of Hyssaldomos, Mylasa, European private collection — 13: Hemitetartemorion of Hekatomnos, Mylasa, Muharrem Kayhan collection MK 1629 (1–11: M 2:1 — 12–13: M 3:1).